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مساحت سطح مقطع
According to classical continuum mechanics, force F+ can be determined by integrating surface tractions over the cross-sectional area, <9Q, of domains Q and Q+ as
The domain of integral H in Eq. 2.22a becomes a line with a constant cross-sectional area, A.
Length of the bar: L = 1 m Cross-sectional area: A = h x h = lx 106 m2
Cross-sectional area: A = /zxA = 0.16in2
According to classical heat conduction theory, the heat flow rates, Q+ and Q , can be determined by integrating the normal component of the heat flux over the cross-sectional area, dQ, of domains Q+ and Q as
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